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By building individual layers and combining them, you can create some truly huge sounds! Many synths have more than one oscillator. This idea of measuring pitches in feet comes from old pipe organs, where the pipes were arranged in different lengths for different pitches. In a synthesizer, the fundamental pitch of an oscillator is often controlled by either a Tune knob, or broken into steps that are labeled in feet, i.e., 2’, 4’, 8’, 16’, 32’. People hear changes in frequency as changes in pitch, i.e., the faster the waveform repeats, the higher the pitch of the sound. The other determining factor to a waveform is the RATE or FREQUENCY at which it repeats itself. This causes the waveform to look and sound much closer to a Sine wave, but still retain some of the “buzzing” quality of a Square wave. However, the volume of these harmonics drops much more quickly. Similar to a Square wave, they contain the odd harmonics of the original frequency. Triangle waves lie between a Square wave and a Sine wave. This means that they are good for creating wind instruments, like a clarinet. Square waves are often described as sounding “hollow” or “nasal”. Pulse waves are commonly used for pulse-width modulation (PWM), which was used in early synthesizers to replicate two oscillators interacting with each other. As the name suggests, the signal pulses on and off. Square waves are a particular type of pulse-wave. They have half as many harmonic frequencies as a Sawtooth does, which repeat every second cycle. Square waves have a sound that is rich in harmonics, that is not as “buzzy” as a Sawtooth, but not as smooth as a Sine. These two waveforms sit at opposite ends of the sound spectrum, from sharp changes in amplitude (Sawtooth), to smooth gradual changes (Sine). Sawtooth waves are created by adding a number of Sine waves together (this is one of the fundamentals of additive synthesis, which we’ll look at in an upcoming article). Waveforms are expressed by the way they oscillate between their minimum and maximum value (or amplitude). Think of the waveforms as your different “colours”, some are “lighter” and some are “darker”. You can get different colours of marble to use. Going back to our sculpting reference, imagine an oscillator as your original “marble block”.
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Oscillators output the full sound of a waveform, containing all of its dynamic range and harmonic frequencies. So what causes these pressure waves?Īn oscillator generates a repeating signal in a particular waveform. We then interpret these changes as sounds. They hit our ears, causing our eardrums to move in and out, in response to changes in pressure. Sounds are pressure waves that move through the air. We all hear sounds, but what are these invisible forces that we interpret as audio? To understand synthesis, let’s start with understanding what sound is.
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Once you understand each of these components, then building new patches is easy. These elements form the key attributes of the sound that you’re working to produce.
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